The Kanzius Machine A Cancer Cure - 973 Words

1. The Kanzius Machine: A Cancer Cure? CBSNews. CBS Interactive. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. This article talks about the Kanzius Machine this is actually an interview broadcast published by CBSNews. It was the worst kind of luck that gave Kanzius the idea to use radio waves to kill cancer cells: six years ago, he was diagnosed with terminal leukemia and since then has undergone 36 rounds of toxic chemotherapy. But it wasn t his own condition that motivated him, it was looking into the hollow eyes of sick children on the cancer ward at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston (Stahl). Kanzius thought he had found a way attack cancer cells without the collateral damage caused by chemotherapy and radiation. Today, his invention is in the laboratories of two major research centers - the University of Pittsburgh and M.D. Anderson, where Dr. Steven Curley, a liver cancer surgeon, is testing it (Stahl). This interview included information that I can use in my paper. It talks about the reason why Kanzius decide to invent this cure and it will help me to quote some of his words. In addition it includes some ideas that Kanzius had that I can suggest in the second part of my paper. The article was published in a reputable web page, The CBSNews and was found in the electronic database. 2. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst. The Kanzius Machine: A New Cancer Treatment Idea from an Unexpected Source. Web. 10 Nov. 2015 The article examines the radio-wave machine created by John Kanzius to treatShow MoreRelatedWhy Is Cancer Curing Quantum Energy1782 Words   |  8 PagesCancer Curing Quantum Energy Currently the world is fighting an ostensibly insurmountable disease. In 2012, this disease created 14 million new cases worldwide and was responsible for an estimated 8.2 million deaths (â€Å"Cancer Statistics†). While these statistics already demonstrate a wide-spread impact, the number of cases related to this disease is expected to increase to an alarming 22 million within the next two decades (â€Å"Cancer Statistics†). This disease is known to reside latently within our

Language Produced By Typical Developing Children - 1178 Words

The purpose of this study is to examine written language produced by typical developing children in Grades 2 through 4. The researchers examined two common academic discourse genres, narrative and expository by analyzing, microstructure and macrostructure of student writing samples. Overall, the researchers are examining the progression of linguistic elements and expository writing development in school-age children’s narratives. Speech language pathologists have a duty to analyze and assess clients who might have a writing disorder. This study applies to communication disorders because in order to know what abnormal is a therapist must study from typical language developing children. By creating baselines and normative data the therapist can then compare and contrast the client to his or her peers. This study will help both clinicians and educators understand the fundamentals of the developing writer and validate, reliable assessment methods. The study will examine micro structure and macrostructure in narrative and expository writing samples produced by elementary school students. This study extends from previous studies and will add onto the existing literature. The study looks at the development and relations among typical writers while looking at microstructure and macrostructure of a child’s writing separately in two different discourses. A total of 93 students initially recruited but by the end of the study only 89 completed the study. The four students leftShow MoreRelatedLanguage And Communication Impairments Are Primary Features Of Autism Spectrum Disorders ( Asd )1177 Words   |  5 Pages Language and communication impairments are primary features of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and are the some of the earliest emerging behavioral markers of ASD. â€Å"Research with typically developing populations highlights the importance of both infants and maternal gesture use in infants’ early language development† (Ta lbott and Flusberg, 2015, p.1). Investigations of infant siblings of children with autism, who are at increased genetic risk, have shown delays in language and gesture productionRead MoreADHD936 Words   |  4 Pages but may do so in other environments. Aphasic clients tended to be more coherent when discussing positive emotions (Borod et al., 2000). Research found that individuals with ADHD appear to have impairment in coherence tasks. In a sample of 49 children with ADHD and a control group, the ADHD group had significantly more impairment in regards to creating a causal structure and goal plan narrative (Flory et al., 2006). Other studies have found similar deficits in verbal comprehension abilities forRead MoreSibling Intervention Final Essay1643 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopmental context for socioemotional development. First Friends Interactions between brothers and sisters provide children with their first socialization experiences. Young children spend large proportions of their days with siblings as their play partners and models. Children have opportunities to experience companionship, sharing, and even rivalry. Siblings typically model a wide variety of behaviors, and serve as guides to the worldRead MoreLanguage Delays And Autism Spectrum Disorder1632 Words   |  7 Pages Language Delays in Autism Spectrum Disorder Bethany Perez Colorado State University Autism spectrum disorder is caused by abnormalities in the brain. Many children that qualify under the autism spectrum disorder, often experience developmental delays in three areas of development. Socially/emotionally, as well as cognitively, children with ASD are unable to progress at a normal rate of development compared to their peers. The level of communication due to language delays can be severelyRead MoreThe Theory Of Intervention Theory Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesthe two theories with the purpose of obtaining the most current information regarding language difficulties, social communication difficulties, and the outcomes it provides when working with school-age children. The theories identified during this research were Biological Maturation and Social Interactionism. The clinician will further indicate the relationship between neuronal function in the process of language and the theory selected. Biological Maturation The clinician will base Kathy’s interventionRead MoreChildhood Apraxia Of Speech : A Motor Speech Disorder1715 Words   |  7 Pagesthe correct movements for speech due to signaling problems between the brain and the muscles used for speech production. This signaling problem causes the child to have difficulty learning accurate speech movements. Speech movements that a normal developing child learns with ease are difficult for a child with apraxia of speech. The cause of childhood apraxia of speech is unknown. However, individuals believe some possible causes include genetic disorders, neurological impairment due to stroke orRead MoreQuestions On The Human Ear1598 Words   |  7 PagesDue to the developing immunes system hearing loss is more frequent in young children and babies. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics hearing loss is the most common congenital condition in the United States. â€Å"Each year, an estimated three in 1000 infants are born in the US with moderate, severe, or profound hearing loss† (Pediatrics). Recently, three infants per one thousand are born with some level of hearing loss (NCSL). For this reason, many states require all children to be screenedRead MoreSpeech Disorders in Children1709 Words   |  7 PagesSpeech disorders in young children are early indicators that give reason to students having difficulty in aspects of cognition. 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YetRead MoreLanguage Sample Analysis Child s Name1829 Words   |  8 PagesRebecca Mirakova Language Sample Analysis Child’s Name: N (female) Child’s Date of Birth: June 12, 2009 Child’s Date of Evaluation: 09/12/2014 Child’s Chronological Age/Sex: 63 months Child’s Primary Language: Russian Language of Evaluation: English Name of Student Evaluator: Rebecca Mirakova PERTINENT BACKGROUND INFORMATION N is my neighbor, who is 63 months old. She has two older siblings, Rachel and David. N s parents are from Russia, so she has been exposed to both the Russian and the English

Romulus And Remus Essay Example For Students

Romulus And Remus Essay Romulus and RemusWith the beginning of any civilization there are stories that are carried throughtime about the creation of their nation. Rome was no different than any other. Theycarried their tail of how brothers quarreled over who was to receive the glory of theirtriumph. The United States also has followed this tradition as well with stories of ourmost famous founder of the United States, George Washington. Rome’s history began when two brothers founded the nation in the city of Rome. However the brothers were unable to decide which one was to receive the honor of havingthe kingdom bear his name. Romulus and Remus tried to decide, but eventually thediscussions broke down and the two brothers fought. Romulus was the victor and endedup killing his brother and consequently naming the kingdom after himself, Rome came intoexistence for the first time. This story gave the people of Rome a history, and instilled asense of strength in the nation through its patron founder. By slaining his brotherRomulus proved to his people that his nation would flourish in the future no matter whatthe cost, even if it meant taking the life of ones very own flesh and blood in battle. The United States also had a golden boy to begin their nation. GeorgeWashington carried along with him many legends, two of the most famous ones wereabout a cherry tree and a silver dollar. The first, begins when Washington was just ayoung lad. He chopped down a cherry tree, and when his father found the tree fallen tothe ground, Washington admitted to his father, â€Å"I cannot tell a lie, I chopped down thecherry tree.† By doing this it brought a sense of honesty to an office which carried somuch power that could be abused. The second story told of Washington heroically hurlinga silver dollar across the Potomac River. This story puts a sense of immortality on GeorgeWashington, though they may or may not have happened these events provide as a boostin public spirit towards their country and themselves. Both of these stories served one main purpose, it was to set the founders of theirrespective countries in an immortal place in society. These stories gave the people of thesomething to strive for, something to instill in their children’s minds as bedtime stories. Though these stories differ in content, they serve to give the people the impression thattheir leaders have the powers and virtues that are important to that time period. TheRomulus and Remus story reflects that this time period thought highly of the survival ofthe fittest system, and everyone wanted to be the fittest. The Washington stories focus onstrength and honesty, these virtues are what people wanted in their leaders possess in theirpersonalities. Stories have been one aspect of life that has remained the same ever sincethe days of the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians. People naturally love to tie theirlives in with stories of great heroes, these stories provide a sense of hope to everyone whohears them. European History

Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Essay Example Essay Example

Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Essay Example Paper Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Essay Introduction Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Lecturer: Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Essay Body Paragraphs Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Introduction Due to current advances in technology and research, the subject of genomics and its knowledge is profound. However, the subject is still new and there has not been much legislation of the necessary law regarding the access and use of such information. Genetics is the study of the gene factor, which is believed to be the answer in understanding an organism’s psychosocial behavior. It is believed that all the characteristics of a given person: his height, figure, behavioral patterns and many others are all embedded in the genetic strand (Redhead, 2003). The ethical Problem The subject of new genetics poses a number of societal concerns that relate to the privacy and confidentiality of a person’s genetic information. The subject evokes the question on the person with the responsibility of taking care and accessing the genetic information. The use and abuse of genetic information by the various stakeholders is als o an issue that is faced in handling a person’s genetic information. The major stakeholders The major stakeholders in this sector are the insurers, employers, courts, schools, adoption agencies, and the military. The position of the stakeholders In the court system, the relevance and application of medical information in court cases is still a major issue. The court system utilizes the genetic information in crime scenes to make final judgments on a given case. Currently, the trial judge is the person mandated with the responsibility of making the decision on the use of scientific testimony in a court case. He or she will decide on the relevance of the scientific testimony that is, whether it is to be used in the court proceedings or not. The research on genetics is still young and the court system is still grappling whether it is a reliable source for making final rulings in court cases. The political system is also a major stakeholder in the issue of genetics. One case that the political system is interested in is the human genome project. Since the project is funded mostly by the government, the high cost incurred in running the entire project is of major concern for the government. On completion of the project, the access to the information is bound to of immense commercial value. There is concern on whether the information pertained in the genome project could be used for beneficial purposes or abused. Britain and the United States of America have shown immense interest in the project that it is believed that the two governments will be in control of the access and use of the information in the human genome project (DeSalle, Yudell American Museum of Natural History, 2005). The insurance companies are major stakeholders in the issue of genomics. The insurance companies are concerned with their client’s genetic history so that by having such information, they can anticipate and make proper financial models regarding the person’s accou nts. The companies are able to use the information pertained in a person’s past to model the possible risk factors in insuring the individual. They could use the information to model their products and premiums to accommodate the client’s needs. This goes a long way to ensure that their products and premiums are relevant and reliable. The insurance companies perceive the presence of genetic information as a reliable source of information of the general heath dynamics of a given population. This information could be used to predict possible health problems and therefore structure insurance premiums to insure against such. The employers are interested in the genetic information of their potential employees to make conclusive decisions on their employment. The employers are concerned with their employee’s history and genetic profile to alleviate future claims in medical covers. Persons who exhibit a genetic predisposition are less likely to be considered for employ ment by a company because the company deems the individual as a liability. This is because such individuals pose a potential health risk to the company in terms of medical expenses and insurance premium payments. There is also the fear of the possibility that such employees could provide the company with very few work hours while spending most on sick leaves and offs. This is why employers would like to have access to the genetic information so that they can be able to evade the risks involved in employing such individuals. The ethical conflict among stakeholders Currently, the insurance companies are restricted from demanding or requesting their potential clients or employees to take genetic tests for their genetic information (DeSalle, Yudell American Museum of Natural History, 2005). The authorities have outlawed this activity because they have realized that the information submitted is only used for the company’s interests and not those of the individual. Furthermore, th e genetic information only gives future possibilities and is not the actual current health condition of the person. For instance, an individual with a family history of epilepsy only gives the possibility of the person suffering of epilepsy in the future but not necessarily, a must he does. The restriction of employers and insurance companies from requesting their employees and clients from taking genetic tests has many loopholes. This is because the employer could still obtain their genetic information (Wilson, 2010). This is because the medical records are still currently accessible to many. In many job vacancies, the potential employees are required to undergo certain medical tests to establish the individual’s state of health. This medical evaluation could include the individual submitting all the medical records and information that the person currently has. Failure by the individual to submit the relevant information results in the termination of his employment process. This leads to many having to provide the necessary medical information requested. An individual’s genetic information ought to be classified as private and confidential. Such information ought to be accessible to only the individual and his or her medical practitioner. Other external parties ought to be locked out from accessing such information. The individual’s genetic information ought only to be used for the general benefit of the individual. The genetic information of a person could result in certain persons being ostracized in the society. There are certain medical conditions that are known to be hereditary. If the information of a person suffering from one is made public, the society could end up shunning the individual because it would seem as a weakness to him (Pokorski, 1994). Managing the ethical conflict The most possible way of alleviating this ethical conflict is by restricting the access of the genetic information of an individual to the person and his or her medical practitioner. Other parties that may want to gain access to such information ought to give substantial explanation as to why they require the information. If the individual feels that he or she is comfortable with it and that his interests are secure, then the information could be availed to the concerned third parties (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2002). Resolution to the ethical conflict The human genome project and other similar ventures are necessary for the benefit of man. The research on the use of the information should of course be subject to regulations or guidelines that limit the access and use of such information for the benefit of man. Such information ought to be used to remedy disease or help in further research but not for commercial gains or alleviating risks. Response to the criticism Research into human genetics is inevitable. The society should encourage and support because the results are of immeasurable benefits to the human race. Th e use of genetic information could be used to enhance the performance and remedy diseases. There are cases where individuals have used genetic enhancements to make their bodies perform at optimum levels. This shows that research into genetics has immeasurable benefits to the human race (Caplan, 1994). Conclusion The human genome project is a very crucial and important research venture. The findings will enable the human race to demystify the issues regarding the use of medical technology to cure maladies and its use to enhance human appearance and performance. The genetic information provided gives allows medical personnel to have a definitive knowledge on the necessary traits that are to be altered to attain the required results (Campbell, Heyer, 2003) . References Campbell, A. M. Heyer, L. J. (2003). Discovering genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. Caplan, A. L. (1994). Handle with care: Race, class, and genetics. In T. F. Murphy, M. A. La ppe (Eds.), Justice and the human genome project (pp. 30-45). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. DeSalle, R., Yudell, M., American Museum of Natural History. (2005). Welcome to the genome: A user’s guide to the genetic past, present, and future. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss. National Human Genome Research Institute. (2002). ELSI Research Program [Online]. Retrieved from http://www.genome.gov. Pokorski, R. J. (1994). Use of genetic information by private insurers. In T. F. Murphy, M. A. Lappe (Eds.), Justice and the human genome project (pp. 91-109). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Redhead, C. S. (2003). Medical records privacy: Questions and answers on the HIPAA final rule. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. Washington, DC: The Library of Congress. Wilson, L. E. (2010). Ethical, Legal and Social Issues of Genomic Research: Striking a Balance between Science and Law. The CBS Interactive Business Network. Retrieved from http://findarticles .com/p/articles/mi_m1TOS/is_1-2_7/ai_n25102504/ We will write a custom essay sample on Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Recognize the Principles of the Judiciary

Recognize the Principles of the Judiciary Although the principles of judiciary demand the judicial process to follow due legal processes to the letter, legal crises do occur in some instances. Legal conflict arises when inconsistencies emerge between the constitution and the general laws.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Recognize the Principles of the Judiciary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A classical example is the Marbury v. Madison case of the United States in which a legal conflict arose due to the inconsistency of the United States constitution with the Judiciary Act. According to this case, â€Å"William Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to compel James Madison, Secretary of State to effect his appointment as a commissioner of Justice for Peace in Columbia District but John Marshall, Chief Justice denied the petition as he termed it unconstitutional† (Reisman, 2007, p. 3). This became a landmark ruling since the Supreme Court, for the fir st time in the United States history, declared an Act to be unconstitutional. In this ruling, John Marshal realized that there was legal conflict between the constitution and the Judicial Act, and the only way to conduct constitutional review was through the Supreme Court. The Marbury v. Madison ruling coupled with some clauses in Article III authorizes the Supreme Court to carry out judicial review. The Article III of the United States constitution states that, In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction†¦in all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction (Stone, 2007, p. 35). Therefore, the United States constitution gives the powers to the Supreme Court to exercise judicial review in cases where legal conflict arises.   The prime function of the Supreme Court in judicial review is to protect the constitution and ensure that all statutes are consistent with the constitution. The constitutions of England and Netherland do not give powers to their Supreme Courts to exercise judicial review on the constitutionality of statues and treaties, because legislators have the mandate of ensuring that they only pass constitutional acts. In cases of constitutional dispute concerning â€Å"†¦the right interpretation of a law or a treaty in accordance with the constitution †¦ the judge cannot have supremacy over the legislator, because the question of constitutionality of an act is more political than technical-judicial (Huq, 2008, p. 32). Halsema proposal seeks to have the Supreme Court assume the jurisdiction to check constitutionality of statutes and treaties. The approval of the Halsema proposal means that the parliament and the government will have to share their mandate of constitutional review with the judiciary, hence judicial review.Advertising Looking for essay on political sc iences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most Americans accept judicial review even though it is not explicit in the constitution because it has provided means of checking constitutionality of statutes. Statistics shows that, in the two hundred years of judicial review 175 federal laws and 1006 state laws were declared unconstitutional (1789-2004) (Whittington, 2009, p. 12). This means that if there was no judicial review, the courts could still be grappling with over 1000 legal conflicts, which slows down the wheels of justice. The landmark ruling of the Marbury v. Madison case set precedent on ways of solving legal conflicts that emerge quite often due to the inconsistencies of the statutes with the constitution. Despite the fact that judicial review has helped to speed up the due process of the law, Thomas Jefferson criticized it saying that, to consider judges as the ultimate arbiters of all constitutional questions is a very dangerous doctrine indeed, and one which would place us under the despotism of an oligarchy (Reisman, 2007, p. 8). Jefferson argues that judges are common people with same passions and interests that might lead them to make compromised judicial reviews to attain their desired ends. I agree with Jefferson argument that it is quite dangerous to give constitutional review powers to the judiciary since too much power corrupts ultimately. To counter the dangers associated with excessive judicial review powers, the parliament should provide provisions that limit the autonomy of the judicial review process. References Huq, A. (2008). Constitutional Courts and Judicial Review. Center on International Cooperation, 4(12), 31-34. Reisman, D. (2007). The Supreme Court. New York Life Journal, 15(32), 1-12. Stone, G. (2005). Constitutional Law. New York: Aspen Publishers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Recognize the Principles of the Judiciary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whittington, K. (2009). The Theories of Judicial Review. Spring Journal, 20(1), 1-18.

When Content Mills Give You Lemons, Make Lemonade That Pays

When Content Mills Give You Lemons, Make Lemonade That Pays A few years ago, I found myself in a bind. I graduated with my MPS in Publishing and had big plans of earning a full-time income from some sort of writing and publishing. As a single mother who has worked from home for over a decade, returning to the traditional workforce was not an option. I had no It wasn’t long before my search for a writing opportunity led me to  Crowd Content. As far as content mills go, it seemed to be midlevel. I created a writer profile, took a skill level test and started claiming jobs. The general rules are that a writer may accept four jobs at a time, the deadlines are ridiculously tight and inflexible, and gaining â€Å"favorite† status from clients is important. If a deadline is missed or a client complains, the writer is demoted. I quickly accepted jobs of all kinds. I wrote product descriptions for online vape stores, press releases for Las Vegas lingerie parties, and fin tech and legal blog posts. I wrote until 1AM and woke up at 5AM to write some more. Meeting the insane deadlines was an act of futility. But, my skill level was â€Å"4 Star† and I was earning 6 to 7 cents per word, so it added up. After a couple of months, I was consistently making $1800/month. Not a full-time salary, but a start. It didn’t take me long to figure out that even if I worked for eight full hours each day, I would never make more than $3,000/month and that fell remarkably short of my goal. I would have to work smarter, not harder. So, here is what I did: 1. Identify the Big Fish A few of my content mill clients stood out and with a bit of research, I had a list of seven clients that I would love to work for outside of the content mill. 2. Focus on Relationships Content mills desperately try to limit contact between writers and clients to preserve their profitable workflow. I worked within their system to build strong relationships based on reliability and high quality work with my seven clients. These clients expressed frustration with the rigidity of the platform and so we had that in common. 3. Pitch With some research, I contacted my list of seven through either email or social media. (If the content mill knows that you are usurping their platform, they will ban you, so make sure that you are prepared.) My pitch looked something like this: â€Å"I have been writing for your company for a few months. I plan to leave Crowd Content because of the inflexibility of their platform, but would like to continue writing for your company. I am guessing that you pay 12 to 15 cents per word for my blog posts. If you are interested in hiring me outside of Crowd Content, pricing will only be 10 cents per word for future blog posts.† Five of the seven clients replied and hired me outside of Crowd Content. They are now paying less, and I am making more in fewer hours. I complete complex projects that were not supported

Digital signatures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Digital signatures - Essay Example Moreover, the cases of e-commerce crimes are rising day by day. In this scenario, it becomes necessary for the organizations to take some effective steps to uphold the security of their e-commerce activities. Thus, digital signature is a suitable technique for saving customers from identity theft and various others frauds. This report presents a detailed analysis of digital signature. The aim of this research is to analyze the role of digital signature in forming e-commerce security. Business sector is by no means an exemption to internet mania. Since, with the passage of time, the online business is turning out to be an exhortation. The online business means that people can purchase and pay from home and even while sitting in their bedroom through an internet equipped PC or laptop. The global wave of information technologies (ITs) development and implementation has turned out to be a driving force in approximately every part of human job. In this scenario, the internet that is a main element of this global wave has been transformed into a double-edged weapon providing a lot of opportunities, facilities, tools, and capabilities to individuals and corporations, on the other hand as well bringing with it a considerably increased information security and privacy risks (Salifu, 2008). As the electronic methods of business expands rapidly throughout the world, security and integrity concerns turn out to be sensitive. Moreover, at the present, the customer satisfactio n and trust in internet transactions and the security measures implemented by online businesses are considered to be insignificant and perhaps the main limit in the acceptance of internet business practices (Dandapani, 2008). Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to conducting both internal and external business activities over the internet, intranets, and extranets. In addition, e-commerce consists

Analysis of the attempted merger of AT&T and T- Mobile Research Paper

Analysis of the attempted merger of AT&T and T- Mobile - Research Paper Example Both the organizations contended that the proposed merger lacks the capability to affect the wireless service competition. They stated that other wireless service providers can easily replace the competition lost because of merger and the merger would dwarf the effects of anti-competition. AT&T hoped to buy T-mobile from Deutsche Telecom with the deal amounting to 39 billion dollars. With the effect of the deal AT&T became the largest mobile phone service provider in United States as the deal came with more than 33 million subscribers. If the deal would have been accepted AT&T would have enjoyed a market share of 43% widening the gap with the competitors further (Communications Workers of America, 2011). Research questions Whether the attempted merger between AT&T and T-mobile good or not. Literature Review and Analysis Some researchers posed the thought that the merger would contribute to enhance the market power. The wireless market as well as the post paid market is highly concent rated at the national level using the brink of guidelines of Horizontal Merger. The concentration falls in the range where DOJ and FTC conclude. The guidelines provide that concentration and market shares are measured on revenue basis. The revenues are attributable to the facilities based carriers in the wireless market. Using Herfindahl-Hirschman index they showed that the approach will contribute to enhance market power. It was found that T-mobile continued to be the significant competitor within the market structure (The New York Times. 2011). The other competitors did not have the capability to deal with the slack that resulted from the elimination of T-mobile from the framework of competition. The efficiency claims of AT&T were overstated and the efficiencies resulted from the merger was not good enough to overcome the effects of anti-competition. It was also found that the merger was likely to increase the competitive disadvantages for the other players in the market (Besen, K letter, Moresi, Salop and Woodbury, 2012). The costs got higher while the quality standard got reduced. The effect was also felt on roaming services by limiting the access of the players on leading edge handsets. The competitive significance of the players would have suffered and would have led to recreation of wireless duopoly. The prices of wireless services fell and reversion to effective duopoly would reverse the gains from wireless competition. The merging companies were not offering differentiated products at different local prices on the basis of local conditions of competition. Therefore it was necessary to evaluate the competitive effects of national market as well as the separate conditions in different local markets (The Centre of Media Justice, 2012). If concerns are found at the national level then it would not be possible for the concerns to take care of the localized markets. At one time the Guidelines of merger stated that only small antitrust markets would be analyz ed but the approach is ignored by antitrust agencies policies. If the deal would have really taken place the consumers would have been harmed by two waves. The current customers of T-mobile will now have to opt for AT&T’s expensive phones and data plans rather than the value priced smart phones and cheap data plans. The main aim of AT&T in the merger was to create a

Teenage and Fashion Essay Example for Free

Teenage and Fashion Essay Statement: For teenagers, fashion is first and foremost a social statement. It is an outward means of expression to their peers and the rest of the world. Identity: Fashion also provides teenagers a sense of identity by signaling which grouping they belong to (prep, punk, goth, etc. ). It may also signal a more independent or inclusive personality. Attraction: Teens can be extremely conscious about overall image when it comes to sexual attraction. They will often exploit fashion as a means to attract a certain type of person. Rebellion: Rebellion may also be acted out via fashion. Since rebellion is often a huge aspect of a teenagers life, it is not shocking that teens often use licentious or shocking fashion to rebel against their parents, their classmates, and/or society. Peer Pressure: Many teens pick up on fashion trends in an effort to stave off humiliation and mocking from peers. Poor fashion choices in the eyes of others can often be an open door to ridicule. Celebrities: Often, fashion for teenagers is the result of the desire to be like a celebrity. Celebrities are perhaps the greatest influences on teenagers in the modern world, and they can have a huge impact on a teens ideas about fashion and its importance. In our society, there are many issues that affect teens. Fashion is something that teens use to fit in which makes them struggle in their everyday life. Teens find brands to be something that will make them look â€Å"classy† as many teens say today at school. Teisha-Vonique Hood from SMU stated that when people associate themselves with a particular brand or branded image, they immediately assume a new identity that is in some sense, confined to the societal points of that brand. They classify themselves through the brands they wear and it makes them feel like they fit in. There is always that new shirt or those new jeans or just some new trend that happens to begin. Teens may feel like if they don’t have the latest brands, they aren’t worthy or not able to fit in and be themselves. Also, teens find themselves to be a little under-confident or intimidated by other people in their school. Ehow contributor, Ashton Pittman said that many teens pick up on fashion trends in an effort to stave off humiliation and mocking from peers. The majority of teens in high school have a fear of getting bullied or excluded. They use fashion to hide their fear and to feel more confident on who they are, or who they are trying to be. Their attitude towards fashion and the way society shows it to be can change a lot of teens’ opinions. Stated in SMU study, as a result of this need for peer acceptance, teenagers are receptive to characteristics such as character, personality, etc. Since a lot of teens try to find their identity through high school and fashion, it can ultimately change not only their personality, but their character towards other people and family. Tying into this, celebrities are a big impact on teen fashion. Ashton Pittman also states that often, fashion for teenagers is the result of the desire to be like a celebrity. Teens look at celebrities and say â€Å"Oh well if they can wear that, then why can’t I† and most of the time they end up giving the wrong idea to their friends and people around them. Have you ever tried to dress some way so that others accept you? A lot of teens don’t realize that this is an issue on their everyday life because they are so caught up with trying to fit in. Just because other teens have the latest brand and you don’t, doesn’t mean that you aren’t unique.

Gender Stereotypes and Toys Essay -- Gender Roles in Society

Often when a couple becomes pregnant and finds out the sex of the infant, stereotypes begin to form. If the child is female, their room will often be painted pink with cutesy borders. The crib will have pink blankets with ruffles on them. The baby girl will be presented with soft toys and cute stuffed animals, as well as perhaps a baby doll or two. At the baby shower, the mother will typically be presented with pink and purple clothing, the colors of choice for a female child. When the baby finally comes along, she will typically be treated as a gentle princess. When it comes to girls, adults are often more careful, as if the baby girl will break. On the other hand, if the couple is having a male child, the room will be painted blue or green with borders usually depicting superheroes or sports oriented paraphernalia. Though the boy may receive stuffed animals, they are typically of a more ferocious nature than the stuffed animals a girl might receive. The blankets are usually blue or another color associated with little boys. Perhaps one of the boy’s first gifts will be a tiny little catcher’s mitt, or something else sports related. At the baby shower, the mother will receive blue and green clothes. Family and friends are more likely to take a little boy to a sporting event than their female counterpart. Clearly, from the moment a child is brought into this world, they are pushed toward a certain stereotype. Now, the real question is – Are boys naturally more aggressive due to higher testosterone levels, or is it more culturally defined, by the way we treat our children and the gifts we bestow upon them? As mentioned in Human Development – A Lifespan View, â€Å"Children don’t live in a gender-neutral world for long. Althou... ... boys, who – away from the battle zone of their friends and brothers – turn out to be surprisingly cuddly and clingy? (Blum, 238)† Not every male or female is going to fit the mold, if there really even is one. The stereotypes stated above created by society and parents are most often useless in truly predicting a child’s choice of play and toys. Kids are going to gravitate toward what they enjoy. Even the author Deborah Blum states â€Å"I don’t think in pastels, myself. I think jungle-green, blood-red. (Blum, 236)† Stereotypes give us something to group people by, but we cannot always judge a person by them. Works Cited Blum, Deborah. â€Å"The Gender Blur: Where Does Biology End and Society Take Over?† Signs of Life in the USA: Readings on Popular Culture for Writers. 6th Edition. Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. 573-580. Print.

Readers of his detective stories Essay

Readers of the Sherlock Holmes stories are captured by the excitement which is produced when Holmes and Watson foil the evil masterminded plans of criminals. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle creates all this excitements by using Holmes’ and Dr Watson’s expertise in their field, as this is typical in the detective genre. An obvious place to start looking for this excitement is reading â€Å"Case of Identity†. Excitement in this story is used to keep the reader interested. The excitement is created by Mary Sutherland getting such a large amount of money being left her as inheritance as that was a lot of money in the time that Conan Doyle wrote the story. The amount of money Miss Mary Sutherland gets from her inheritance left to her by her Uncle Ned is i 2,500 but she can only touch the interest which stands at four and a half percent a year, â€Å"so large a sum as a hundred a year. † This was a lot of money in the Victorian times for a single person this creates excitement as very few people had that amount of income without doing anything. Conan Doyle uses a strange happening to create excitement as the reader starts to think about the possibilities about what has happened a good example of this is when Miss Sutherlands fianci Mr Hosmer Angel disappears from the cab on the day of the wedding, â€Å"we waited for him to step out, but he never did. † It is not possible for a man to disappear from the face of the earth when people saw him get into the cab. This creates excitements for the reader as they start to guess what has happened to Mr Angel. Clues play the biggest part in the excitement in this story as the reader is able to figure out the culprit as the clues only point to one person, Mr Angel does not have an address as he sleeps on the premises of his work, the address of Mr Angels place of work is also unknown apart from the fact that it is in â€Å"Leadenhall street†. This meant all his letters were sent to the Leadenhall post office â€Å"he slept on the premises† this is strange as he has no where to live and he doesn’t want the letters to be sent to him at work. This excites the reader as the reader has to think about why he doesn’t want her to know where he lives. The way the characters act are a good example of how Conan Doyle creates excitement as Mr Hosmer Angel is a very shy man who does not want to be seen as he wears dark glasses and he talks on a very soft voice, â€Å"he would rather walk with me in the evening. † This is because Mr Angel does not want to be seen with Miss Sutherland so this creates excitement as the reader gets the feeling that there is something not quite right with Mr Angel and that he is secretive about some thing this will start to make the reader excited as they know something big is going to happen this is also a good way of using the suspense of the story to create the excitement. Conan Doyle creates a fair amount of excitement in â€Å"The Boscombe Valley Mystery†. Conan Doyle creates this excitement by using the argument between the father and son even though a father son relationship is hard to destroy. Seeing as he uses the strange argument between father and son â€Å"having a violent quarrel† this makes the reader wonder why the father and son are arguing about, this creates tension for the reader as it gives them topic to think about this creates excitement as the reader is becoming involved with the story. This is because in Victorian Britain violent quarrels between father and son would not have been common things, this is because the Victorians have been classed as the most respectable and caring people in the history of Britain and the fact that there were large families. The lead form the violent quarrel leads to further events; this creates excitement because a son would not get to a point where he could kill his father as it would be as if he was destroying himself. This excitement is where the son found his father dead, the son heard the call of â€Å"cooee† to which his son turns round to see his father dead on the floor, a she goes to his father he mentions something about â€Å"a rat† this was all that he caught of his fathers last words but he could have misheard what his father said, this sudden turn from the argument and the son walking away to the father being killed creates excitement as the reader would expect the son to have killed the father but the last words get the reader wandering about how the father died, and what is this rat. Conan Doyle creates excitement for the reader a tension build up as Holmes is about to reveal the murderer. The reader is excited as Holmes is about to unveil who committed the murder and he is doing this based purely on the last words of the old man â€Å"a rat†. There is a large amount of tension as holes is about to say who committed the murder and there is a sudden burst form Holmes who reveals that the murderer was from â€Å"Ballarat† . Ballarat is the name of an Australian gang and that the call of â€Å"cooee† was a native Australian call. This creates the element of excitement as the murderer is revealed. And the Murder was committed by â€Å"Black Jack of Ballarat†. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle creates an element of mystery in â€Å"5 orange pips† when it is revealed that 5 orange pips have been sent to Elias Openshaw who lived in Horsham. The orange pips arrived in an envelope with a foreign stamp on it, â€Å"5little dried orange pips† the reader does not know what these orange pips are about so this creates a moderate amount of excitement for the reader as they wander what these orange pips are about.

Order in the World vs. Savagery Essay

Choose a theme and explain how that theme influences the system of rules and order the boys establish when they arrive on the island, and what happens when the rules disintegrate. Order in the World vs. Savagery Among Men In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, the characters demonstrate what can happen when the fear of the unknown sets in. Giving up the familiarity of authoritative figures and domesticated surroundings can put some people, especially adolescents and children, into a state of shock. If this state of shock does not set in immediately, it is inevitable to set in with time. This novel, filled with allegorical references, is a prime example of how the cultures and values set up by people and evolving over time can be ruined by crisis, creating our main theme of Order in the World VS. Savagery Among Men. The novel starts out with our main characters, the school boys, who have been marooned on a completely deserted island. Being that these are mere children, it doesn’t take too long before everyone starts to realize that not only do they no longer have the structure of adult supervision, but they must also learn to fend for themselves. Conflicting human instincts begin to arise, and we all know that without structure in our world, instincts can be a terribly scary addition to this chaotic mix. It is quite interesting to see that even given their crisis of a situation, one of the boys still clings to his former civilized lifestyle. He still has the urge inside of him to work toward order and their pre-existing domesticated, cushy lives. Living in our sheltered world for such a very long period of time, in this case his whole life has created a barrier between him and reality. Given that he is just a boy, this is not unusual but rather expected of him. On the other hand, we have the majority of the boys, who have resorted to their primordial instincts. They start off with a sort of structure: the conch shell. This is their only form of order in their new life, a symbolic sign of civility which they have brought with them from their old lives. This was, at first, a sense of security. The conch was once used to summon everyone together as a group after their plane crash. However after Jack the leader was chosen to run the group, he became relentless, spouting demands left and right, expecting his group to agree at every whim or else. Ralph, one of the other main characters, opposed the barbaric ideas proposed by Jack, and created his own group. When Jack hears of this disruption to his overruling, he makes sure to convince everyone that they need to be on his team and that he can help them more than wimpy Ralph will be able to. When his teachings are unleashed, Roger rolls a giant boulder onto Piggy, which also crushes their conch shell. I believe that this is a symbol of the disintegration of all civility among the boys. As these rules continue to diminish, the representation of our theme becomes more and more clear. For example, Simon encounters the beast that frightens all of the boys to no end, only to find that the beast does not exist; it is imaginary. The beast, we find, is simply a symbol which lies inside of each and every person because it represents human primitive instincts. When Simon went to alert the rest of the group about the beast, the boys with their newfound savage ways of living attacked Simon immediately without any hesitation whatsoever. The boys tore his body limb from limb until there was no life left. This part of the novel is an extremely important part of the theme because the behavior of the boys is what brought this â€Å"beast† to life! In conclusion, as you are able to see, our theme of order and reason in the world versus savagery and impulse influences the system of rules (or lack thereof) throughout the entire novel. In the beginning, many clung tight to their lives of order, while the remainder of others decided right away that because there was no supervision, they needed to have a leader as soon as possible. Toward the end of our novel, as their rules began to dismantle and leadership turned to a god complex dictatorship, we are still able to see the influential theme in the story line as savagery among men takes over all order when the killing begins.

Free Essays on The Rise And Fall Of The Napoleonic Empire

The Rise and Fall of the Napoleonic Empire Napoleon was born on an island that, for most of recorded time, has been in a fight for independence with one ruling power or another, weather it be Genoa or France, no matter. Corsica, in 1769, was the birth place of Napoleon Bonaparte. Not born of noble blood, Napoleon could did not have the privilege of one day being able to attain a leadership role in the French army. This did not deter him though; he received training in French military schools, being described as arrogant and ambitious. In 1795, poor, and unknown, he arrived in Paris, and began mixing with high society, yearning to join their privileged class. At this stage in his life, the world would be changed forever. During the French revolution, Napoleon’s, along with many others’, life change forever, along with it, world history. The French Revolution opened up a military career path for him, while at the same time, leadership positions needed to be filled, due to the fact generals had defected thr oughout the military to the opposite side. He did not pass up the opportunity. In 1795, the Directory, the ruling body in Paris, asked him to put down a rebellion within the city. He did so with stunning success, and impressed many in power. This was just the beginning. Napoleon’s political career began with a simple word, publicity. During his Italian campaign of 1796, and Egyptian campaign of 1798, the goal of both being to further the wealth and influence of France while wreaking havoc for other imperialist powers of the day, he did a very smart thing, he encouraged journalists to come and write about him. The writers accepted the invitation, and publicized him throughout Paris and all of France as a hero. This was a large boost to his popularity with the public, and a huge success politically. Napoleon’s name was common place in discussions of everyone, most importantly, the masses. Throughout his campai... Free Essays on The Rise And Fall Of The Napoleonic Empire Free Essays on The Rise And Fall Of The Napoleonic Empire The Rise and Fall of the Napoleonic Empire Napoleon was born on an island that, for most of recorded time, has been in a fight for independence with one ruling power or another, weather it be Genoa or France, no matter. Corsica, in 1769, was the birth place of Napoleon Bonaparte. Not born of noble blood, Napoleon could did not have the privilege of one day being able to attain a leadership role in the French army. This did not deter him though; he received training in French military schools, being described as arrogant and ambitious. In 1795, poor, and unknown, he arrived in Paris, and began mixing with high society, yearning to join their privileged class. At this stage in his life, the world would be changed forever. During the French revolution, Napoleon’s, along with many others’, life change forever, along with it, world history. The French Revolution opened up a military career path for him, while at the same time, leadership positions needed to be filled, due to the fact generals had defected thr oughout the military to the opposite side. He did not pass up the opportunity. In 1795, the Directory, the ruling body in Paris, asked him to put down a rebellion within the city. He did so with stunning success, and impressed many in power. This was just the beginning. Napoleon’s political career began with a simple word, publicity. During his Italian campaign of 1796, and Egyptian campaign of 1798, the goal of both being to further the wealth and influence of France while wreaking havoc for other imperialist powers of the day, he did a very smart thing, he encouraged journalists to come and write about him. The writers accepted the invitation, and publicized him throughout Paris and all of France as a hero. This was a large boost to his popularity with the public, and a huge success politically. Napoleon’s name was common place in discussions of everyone, most importantly, the masses. Throughout his campai...

5 grammar skills you need to master for career success

5 grammar skills you need to master for career success No matter what field you’re in, it’s likely that any given job description calls for good communication skills. At the top of this list is making sure your writing and speaking skills are top-notch. Let’s look at some of the key grammar tips that make your conversation and resume are polished and professional. 1. Use possessives correctly.This is one of the most frequent grammatical errors. Always take a minute to make sure you’re using the they’re and you’re  contractions for they are and you are. Their and your are possessive pronouns. These mistakes are often some of the easiest to spot for a reader, and they are so common from people of all backgrounds and education levels. If this is an issue that makes you nervous, one way to avoid this is to avoid confusion by not using contractions. It’s totally fine to spell out you are.Rule of thumb: If you’re making a contraction, you should always have an apostrophe. Possessive pro nouns never have an apostrophe.2. Don’t speak in the third person.Sometimes we (royal we) like to be extra formal in resumes or job interviews, because we want to present ourselves as highly dignified professionals. Resist that urge. Don’t go too informal (keep it professional, always), but it is absolutely okay to say â€Å"I† or â€Å"me,† and make it personal.Rule of thumb: You’re presenting yourself. You don’t need to hide behind the third person just to be fancy.3. Don’t use jargon or tons of abbreviations.Jargon is extremely popular on resumes, because you want the reader to know that you understand the ins and outs of an industry. You talk the talk, so that must mean  you’re an insider, right? Not really. Instead, you run the risk of turning off readers if they don’t quite get the same terminology, or if that jargon is hyper-specific to, say, your current job. It’s always better to keep things generic. An d if you do use abbreviations to save space, make sure you spell it out on the first use in your resume, cover letter, email, etc.Rule of thumb: Simpler is better. You never know who’s reading.4. Don’t use unnecessary capitals.Like jargon or being overly formal, extra capitals can be a crutch when we want people to Know What We’re Talking About. You may think you’re providing emphasis that draws the reader’s eye and makes your writing easier to read, but it really just complicates things unnecessarily.Rule of thumb: Only legitimate proper nouns (names) should have capitals.5. Proofread everything three times.I can’t emphasize this enough. All of us are prone to little mistakes when we write. This is especially true when you’ve written, rewritten, and edited a resume or cover letter so many times that you stop seeing what’s in it because you know it so well. That’s inevitably where the little mistakes creep in. If at all possible, get a trusted reader to review something official before you turn it in. Having an extra pair of eyes can help you spot blatant spelling or grammar errors, and can also help ensure that you’re making sense to the reader.Rule of thumb: Do it. Then do it again.

Week 2 Individual Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 2 Individual Paper - Essay Example The formulas of financial ratios combine the variables of the financial statements. For example the return of equity formula is calculated in the following manner: net income / shareholders equity. Net income is a variable that is found in the income statement, while shareholders equity is an element from the balance sheet. Two financial statements whose elements interact with each other are the income statement and the statement of retained earnings. The total net income illustrated at the bottom of the income statement is a figure that is added to the initial retained earnings balance. Another relationship of interaction among the elements of the statements is between the statement of retained earnings and the balance sheet. The ending retained earnings balance illustrated at the bottom of statement of retained earnings is the same figure that is shown in the equity section of the balance sheet. Changes in one financial statement can affect the other financial statement in certain circumstances. The net income total is used in the statement of retained earnings as a variable that is added to the initial retained earnings balance. For example if a company ended with a year-end net losses that figure would set off a chain reaction which affects other financial statements. The losses are moved to the statement of retained earnings where they are subtracted from the initial retained earnings balance. The final retained earnings balance is then transferred to the balance sheet. Not all changes to accounts in one financial statement affect the other. For instance a change in the debt total in the balance sheet does not affect the income statement in any way. It is important for business professionals to understand the relationship between the four financial statements. The statements together provide a picture of the financial health of an enterprise. A person can make an error analyzing a

Is it morally defensible for doctors to offer treatments that will Essay

Is it morally defensible for doctors to offer treatments that will enhance human capabilities (mental or physical) Discuss - Essay Example Abnormal genes will be replaced with normal and well functioning genes through homologous combination while selective reverse mutation will ensure that abnormal genes will return to the normal function (Sandel, 2007). Spindle transfer approach will ensure that the entire mitochondrion that is defective is replaced with normal mitochondria. Basically, there are two types of gene therapy that are Somatic gene therapy and Genetic gene therapy. Somatic gene therapy entails the transfer of genes in the somatic cells of the patient except the undifferentiated stem cells (Burley and Harris, 2002). On the other hand, Genetic gene therapy entails modification of the cells including the sperm cells of the patient and these genes become inheritable by the offspring of the patients thus preventing the passage of the disease to the offspring (Becker, 2000). Gene therapy has attracted intense ethical debate and controversy with the opponents asserting that it is not natural while the proponents as sert that it improves the living standards of the patient and offspring (Wartburg and Liew, 1999). According to Aristotle’ ethical theory, all the scientific technique must aim at certain good and there is absolutely one final end of all sciences. The absolute end of sciences should be happiness which all sub-ends aim at attaining (Wartburg and Liew, 1999). In this case, Aristotle ethical theory is clear that happiness entails thriving life and living well. Accordingly, happiness of patients encompasses the external goods that include wholesome children and personal beauty (Burley and Harris, 2002). According to Aristotle, gene-therapy is necessary since it leads to high standards of health care thus leading to happy patients and wholesome children (Vaughn, 2009). Accordingly, the death of a patient will cause unhappiness to the friends and close family

Greater London Authority - Analysis of environmental policy Assignment

Greater London Authority - Analysis of environmental policy - Assignment Example In developed countries the potentials for establishing successful Environmental Policies are usually high, taking into consideration the technology and the funds required for supporting these initiatives. However, failures when developing or implementing these policies cannot be eliminated. This fact has been verified in the case of GLA’s Environmental Policy. The particular policy had to faced delays and failures even if it has been continuously supported by the Mayor of London. The reasons of these failures are presented below using Gap Analysis. A survey is also employed for showing the Policy’s strengths and weaknesses. It is proved that the success of the Policy in the long term would be depended on the ability of its planners to make appropriate changes, so that the terms of the Policy are aligned with the standards of the ISO 14001. 1. Introduction The identification of effective policies for managing environmental issues can be characterized as one of the most i mportant challenges that governors and authorities worldwide have to face. In practice, it has been proved that the success of environmental policies can be delayed due to a series of factors that cannot be predicted in advance. Still, the use of ISO standards when developing and implementing environmental policies can minimize the risk for unexpected failures. Greater London Authority has established an Environmental Policy in order to address a series of environmental issues related to the greater London area. The Mayor of London has supported this initiative in all its aspects. However, the effectiveness of the Policy seems to be kept at average levels, as indicated in a survey conducted for this issue. The various aspects of this Policy are evaluated using relevant literature. A gap analysis has been also conducted for identifying the potential weaknesses of the Policy, so that appropriate recommendations for its improvement to be made. 2. GLA and the Mayor Office in London â₠¬â€œ environmental policy 2.1 Responsibilities of the GLA and the Mayor The Greater London Authority (GLA) has been established in order to address a series of critical issues related to the greater London area. The authority was introduced through the GLA Act 1999 (GLA About us 2012). The GLA Act 2007 enhanced the authority of GLA so that the needs of people in London in regard to ‘housing, environment, health and culture’ (GLA About us 2012) are fully covered. The activities of GLA mostly focus on the development of the following areas: ‘society, economy and environment’ (GLA About us 2012). For achieving the above target GLA promotes a series of values, such as ‘integrity, fairness and accountability’ (GLA About us 2012). Particular importance is also given to leadership, as a factor that can highly influence the performance of GLA in all areas presented above. The term leadership in regard to GLA is related to the organization’s Corp orate Management Team (GLA About us, Corporate Management Team 2012). The responsibilities of Mayor are mainly related to the following are

Chap 2 Homework Essay Example for Free

Chap 2 Homework Essay 1. Performance, Reliability and responsiveness, Serviceability, and Aesthetics are all significant dimensions of quality in fast food restaurants. First of all, the performance and serviceability of a fast food restaurant is very important because like the name states â€Å"fast food† is exactly that†¦ fast! So in order for it to be considered a fast food establishment it if very important to keep up the flow of traffic in and out of the drive thru and the dining room in a timely and efficient manner without compromising the quality of the food. The second thing is to provide reliability and responsive services for a fast food restaurant such as customer service. If customer service is poor and the food isn’t prepared properly or your orders keep getting messed up then by their bad experience word of mouth will spread and it could drive people away from the establishment and they will begin searching for other places to eat. The last form of quality I believe a fast food restaurant should have is Aesthetics or the way the restaurant looks and smells. For example, we went to Golden Corral a long time ago and it literally smelled like feces. It made eating there hard to do because it stunk so badly. Come to find out they had a sewer leak and had to get it repaired but my family and I stopped going there for quite a long time until it was fixed. It is very important that the facility is clean without debris and trash around it and that even the inside facility is kept up with clean bathrooms, tables wiped and floors mopped. In order to exceed my expectations I would expect to run thru the drive thru and hear a happy or courteous person over the speaker that’s not rushing me to make a decision, acknowledgment when I pay and prompt service when I reach the food window. I would also expect that my food be prepared like I asked and that there be condiments or utensils necessary for me to eat or drink my food in the bag. 2. One way that productivity could have been improved is when Jon (the cashier) needed more batteries for his headset, he could have asked someone else or his manager in the kitchen to obtain them for him so that he could have remained at the window with the customer to receive his payment. Therefore, none of the confusion with the other orders would have happened. 3. Employees Materials Needed Services Provided Jon (Cashier) Batteries for headset Took customer order, and accepted payment Supervisor None Corrected order error on computer Mary/third employee Napkins Handed customer order and napkins List of Improvements: Jon could have asked for assistance in obtaining the batteries for his headset to prevent any confusion with the orders and remained at the window with his customer. The Supervisor should have acknowledged the customer and asked how the customers’ service was and if there was anything he could do for the customer for any inconvenience. Mary should have paid more attention to the customer at her window and his needs, therefore he wouldn’t have had to ask twice for napkins.

The Social Construction of Gender Roles Essay -- Papers male masculine

The Social Construction of Gender Roles Gender or sex roles are the expected patterns of behavior assumed to follow from a person's sex. Gender roles are not natural. They are formed by and vary within society, culture, geographic location, politics and time. There is a strong relationship between the social construction of gender and compulsory heterosexuality. People are programmed into certain gender roles and social categories through socialization and interaction with others. Expectations about appropriate gender role characteristics and sexual behavior have evolved throughout history, especially for women. In the 1700’s and 1800’s, the men’s role included earning an income to support a family and working in the farms, while the female’s role included the responsibility to have and to care for children, running a household and assisting a husband in farm labor. Running a household and caring for children was considered a â€Å"full-time† job. Children were taught their roles when they were very young. Boys were shown how to farm and provide for their future families’ as they attended school. Girls learned how to do the household chores and received only the very basic education. They were taught how to be wives and mothers. By the end of the 1800’s, higher education began to become available for women. The Industrial era brought new developments for the sex roles. The male world expanded and men had the opportunity to take up new careers and the freedom to move around the country more conveniently. They were still the breadwinners and dominated the government, legal and medical agencies. Women’s roles during this time also changed but not as much as men’s. The... ...rately, use different washrooms and play different sports. Even the fact that most teachers are females and most of the administration is male cause children to realize that each gender has a different role in life. This kind of treatment makes children aware that boys and girls are different. The media is a powerful social agent that portrays gender roles and stereotyping. Many prime time television shows, movies and commercials portray young beautiful women as either sex symbols or the â€Å"typical† women who cooks, cleans and cares for the house. These situations teach young girls that beauty and their role as a nurturer is what is valued in society. If gender were a natural phenomenon to men and women, then why does it have to be taught? Why must we be told to â€Å"be a man† or â€Å"act like a lady,† and be reprimanded for doing what comes naturally when it is deemed

Labor Relations

In this paper, unions and labor relations will be defined and their impact on organizations will be elaborated. Also, the impact of changes in employee relations strategies, policies, and practices on organizational performance will be examined. After this, the question â€Å"Are unions still relevant in the U.S.?† will be answered. Furthermore, the campaign, the election, contract negotiations, grievance handling, arbitrations, labor relations, and strikes will be addressed. Labor unions and labor relations Labor unions, which are the watchdogs and negotiators for the American workforce, are a way of collectively bargaining with employers for fair working conditions and fair wages. The craft unions or skilled laborers and industrial unions or laborers in the same industry, regardless of skill are the two types of labor unions that are organized. In the U.S. Groups of highly-trained carpenters, tailors, printers, and weavers in the colonial age, the seed of modern labor unions were the guilds. Guilds, which are economic and social in nature, are associations of persons who are involved in the same craft or business. The workers who members of guilds are banded together so that the quality standards would be maintained and the employers’ hiring of skilled laborers from home would be ensured. In the mid-19th century, there was an increase in the number of new industrial unions which were created for the assertion of workers’ rights. This change in the personality of the American workforce was due to the invention of the steam engine and other industrial advancements. The Knights of Labor, which inaugurated the Labor Day holiday in 1882, was one of the most important industrial unions. In the 1890s, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was formed. It is composed of the craft unions which include both skilled and unskilled laborers. The federation was formed because its member craft unions were opposed to the composition of the Knights of Labor’s membership. The United Mine Workers and the Danburry Hatters case in 1902 were ones of the early conflicts and strikes included in this period. In the 1930s, when the Great Depression took place, the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) was formed. Many of the members of CIO were the dissidents of the AFL who favors industrial unionism. Workers in the steel, rubber, auto, maritime, glass, and meat packing industries were some of the major constituents of the CIO. In spite of the conflicts during the 30s and 40s, a powerful body known as the AFL-CIO was formed from the merging of the two national organizations in 1955. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is an independent agency of the U.S. government. It was created under the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 or the Wagner Act and was amended by the acts of 1947 or the Taft-Harley Labor Act and 1949 or the Landrum-Griffin Act. The board affirmed the rights of the labor to organize and bargain collectively through representatives they chose or to refrain from such activities. The board which is composed of five members is assisted by 33 regional directors. The members are appointed by the U.S. President with the approval of the Senate for five-year terms. The proper bargaining units are determined, the elections for union representation are conducted, and the charges of unfair labor practices by employers are investigated by the board. Coercion, interference, or restraint in labor’s self-organizational rights is included in the unfair practices (Villanueva Siasoco). A research study revealed that the collaboration of an organization (such as community organizations) and a labor union is an impetus for change. For example, the labor unions and community organizations in Greater Boston, which have worked together in recent years, have achieved remarkable successes. Some of their victories include the passing of a Boston living wage ordinance, an increase in the minimum wage in Massachusetts, improvement in union contracts and in workplace conditions, an earned income tax credit on state income taxes, $6 million state job training program for 1, 500 workers, and a number of progressive tax policies which includes a new tax on capital gains. These significant achievements in Boston are reverberated throughout the country. This is manifested by the continuous formation of alliances by community organizations with the organized labor. Again, these alliances are formed for the purpose of tackling problems that affect the lives of the low-wage workers. The Service Employees International Union, which is known for its successful Justice for Janitors campaigns, is one of the unions that organize low-wage workers. The Hotel Employees and Restaurant Union is also a low wage-workers union. These unions are included in the most vibrant and fastest growing organizations in the country. The collaboration of labor unions and community organizations is really needed for the achievement of long-term goals of economic and social justice. The need for the collaboration is being intensified by the changes in the national economy over the last few decades. One the changes that forces for a collaboration of labor unions and community organizations is the shifting of the economy from higher-paying manufacturing jobs to lower-paying jobs in the service sector. Similarly, the public policy efforts for the promotion of the welfare of working families in general are being broadened by the labor movement. The national AFL-CIO, under the new leadership since 1995, has devoted increased resources to advocate policies. These policies include the universal health care coverage which is intended to benefit all American who are working (not only those who are members of unions) and the raising of the federal minimum wage. One of the impacts of labor unions in policies is the announcement of support of amnesty for undocumented immigrants by the AFL-CIO in February, 2000. In addition, the AFl-CIO also played a major role in organizing, planning, and supporting the Immigrant Workers Freedom Ride of 2003. This ride is a nationwide effort which aims to raise the visibility of the issues of the immigrant workers (Ranghelli 4). On the other hand, the impact of changes on employees is the decrease in the purchase of labor by employers because of the higher wages won by unions. The success in asserting for higher wages and better working conditions also reduced the number of jobs available (Reynolds). Are unions still relevant in the U.S.? The question â€Å"Are unions still relevant in the U.S.?† does not need anymore time to think about. Unions are absolutely relevant in the U.S. Considering the economic situation today, wherein the trend is to shift from higher-paying jobs to lower-paying jobs, to use more machines than labor force, and to employ contractualization, the exploitation of the labor sector becomes more intense. Thus, unions play a vital role in achieving economic and social justice. Considering the opinions raised by Reynolds, it is very shallow to say that the labor unions are the anticompetitive force in the labor markets. It is very inhumane to think of workers as simply inputs that are needed to be purchased in order for a process such as production or manufacturing to materialize. It is in this thinking where the exploitation of the laborers’ rights arises. Regarding campaigns and elections, union officers are elected based on the standards established by the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 (LMRDA). Officers in the local unions are elected through secret balloting. On the other hand, officers of the national and international unions are elected either by secret balloting of the members or by delegates who are chosen by the secret ballot. The election of the officers of the national and international unions is held at least every five years. For the intermediate bodies, the election of officers is held at least every four years and for the local unions, election of officers is held at least every three years. The funds of a union may be used in conducting an election. Also, it is an option for the employers and unions to use their funds in promoting the candidacy of any candidate (http://www.dol.gov/compliance/topics/unions-elections.htm). Collective bargaining refers to the negotiations between an employer and a group of employees. Negotiations are done so that the conditions of employment would be determined. The result of the procedures of the collective bargaining is called collective agreement. Union or other labor organizations represent the employees in bargaining. Federal and state statutory laws, judicial decisions, and administrative agency regulations govern collective bargaining. Arbitration refers to the method of dispute resolution. This method is used as an alternative to litigation. Arbitration is usually used to resolve disputes between employers and employees during a collective bargaining (http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/index.php/Collective_bargaining#collective_bargaining_and_labor_arbitration:_an_overview). Usually, strike is the last resort taken by workers in addressing their grievances. Holding mass pickets is the most effective way to involve all strikers. Although strikes may mean decrease in wages or dismissal from work, success in such solidarity actions is effectively achieved through picketing the workplaces of the workers (http://libcom.org/organise/guide-to-taking-strike-action). The aforementioned concepts support the answer that unions are still relevant in the U.S. For example, the funds of unions are very vital during an election because may be used to promote the candidacy of a certain candidate who, when elected, must address the concerns not only of the workers but the families in general. Also, it is very significant in addressing the welfare of the people because what labor unions fight for is not just their interests but the interests of the masses. Again, labor union should not be viewed as a hindrance for the economic development. It is not enough to say that a country is developed based on a high gross national product which is achieved through lower cost of production that includes lower wages for the laborers. Higher gross national product which is achieved through exploitations of workers does not mean economic and social justice. Reference Collective bargaining and labor arbitration: an overview. Retrieved November 18, 2006, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/index.php/Collective_bargaining#collective_bargaini  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ng_and_labor_arbitration:_an_overview John. (November 11, 2006). Guide to taking strike action. Retrieved November 18, 2006,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://libcom.org/organise/guide-to-taking-strike-action National Labor Relations Board. Retrieved November 18, 2006, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/bus/A0834954.html Ranghelli. (March 2005). Joining Forces Community Organizations and Labor Unions Form   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New Collaborations. Retrieved November 18, 2006, from Unions and Union Members: Union Elections. Retrieved November 18, 2006, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.dol.gov/compliance/topics/unions-elections.htm Villanueva Siasoco, Ricco. Hard Labor. How unions fought to honor the American worker.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved November18, 2006, from http://www.factmonster.com/spot/labor1.html       Labor Relations Labor relation entails policies and daily practices that are concerned with the regulation and management of individual and team relationships within the organization. Essentially, employee relations are centered on the ability to resolve and prevent conflicts that involve either an individual or the teams in the organization which directly affect work situations and performance. Efficient communication ensures that information is passed to the employees in order to allow them understand better the company’s goals and objectives. Most employee relations managers uphold the responsibility of handling grievances, individual code of conduct while in the office, evaluation of employee performance and counseling programs. Sound employee relations are based on participation and effective communication for both the management and the employees. There are various management styles that cover the way employee relations must be conducted in order to achieve the best from the employees. (Selid, 1995) Trade unions are organized groups of employees officially recognized by both the government and their employer that have come together to promote their common interests. Trade unions have a responsibility of ensuring get the value of what they work for. They are directed to provide a communication channel between the employer and the employees. In some cases, In the United States, trade unions are registered by the specific State that it operates from and they are ratified by the federal government. The United States have a national advisory board referred to as Employee Relations Advisory Board (ERAB) that is concerned with formulating national policies which must be adhered to by individual Employee Relations Advisory Organization (ERAO) which every institution including airline companies must have. At least one representative of ERAO is elected to sit at the Employee Relations Advisory Board. In an airline setting for example, their union is responsible for providing the company’s management with suggestions on how to solicit and disseminate information on plans and programs that are designed for employees who will enhance efficiency and effectiveness in the workplace. (Employee Relations Advisory Organization, 2004) There are impact of changes in employee relations strategies, policies, and practices on organizational performance. For example if employees within an organization are represented by a trade union fully recognized by the same organization e.g. the airline company and the government, cooperation between the employer that is airline company and its employees will be enhanced the workplace. Good and sound formulated strategies and policies that relates to labor relations in organization particularly the airline companies will lead to attainment of organizations goals and pursuing the company’s mission statement in the direct path. There are various management styles that cover the way employee relations must be conducted in order to achieve the best from the employees. These management styles are intended to teach employees the following; applicable regulations and policies, bargaining agreements, grievance and appeal rights, and discrimination and protection of whistleblowers. The impact of changes in employee relations has broadened its definition from the initial industrial relations to such aspects as employer-employee relations, personal contracts, workplace environmental safety, and socio-emotional factors. In developed countries like in the U.S and mostly in airline industries, there is a growing trend of harmonization in almost all levels of government mainly because of the government commitment to enhance employee relations programs. (Sparrow and Hilltop, 1994) Trade unions plays a very major role in trying to protect the rights of employees who form there membership and research indicates that they still relevant in the U.S. administration because they have the task of ensuring that employees rights regarding to the workplace are protected. However, due to corruption and other malpractices the effectiveness of these trade unions has been compromised over the last few years. Research indicates that the employers in the U.S. for example employers in the airline industry are reported to be harassing there employees in the pretext that they are giving out instructions to be obeyed in order to achieve the stated organizational goals, a development which does not auger well with trade unions in the U.S. (Delaney and Huselid, 1996) In general, these trade unions has the following roles, labor climate assessment, positive employee relation programs, union campaigns and election objectives, unfair labor practices such as poor wages and unfounded dismissals, dealing with workplace harassment, coordinating and implementing cooperate relations programs, and handling complaint/issue resolution processes in the respective organizations among others. The only problem that normally cause misunderstanding between the trade unions and the companies or government is that the trade unions can organize go slows, strikes, destructions etc when round table solutions to issues fails. This is very hard for a company to control but with negotiations, it can reach an agreement. Trade unions officials are responsible to their members and they are usually elected to office mainly through secret ballots. This implies those vying for any seats have to campaign for votes from the union members. Sometimes some officials use unfair campaign strategies that do not foster fairness and equality among the contenders. Also these trade union officials play a significant role in any country’s general election because they can influence their members on what directions to vote e.g. advising the members to vote out the present government because of some dissatisfaction that they have with it. Trade unions plays an important role contract negotiations; almost everything can be bargained these days and therefore with employee relations through trade unions such issues as awarding contracts, compensations, benefits, and work schedules can be sorted out by discussing them until a solution is achieved. The bargaining approach settles conflicts that arise as a result of contract matters. It also outlines the rules with which the basis of handling specific work agreements is sorted out. Normally, if this approach is well utilized, employee relations are greatly improved. Grievance handling in any organization is very crucial to all organizations and at least every company has some way of dealing with their grievances. In fact, it is considered that a few individuals in a company are so arrogant that they are font of harassing their workmates leading to poor productivity. Companies need to develop a grievance handling procedure that will ensure that conflicts are eliminated in the organization. Without proper handling grievances of the employees well trade unions may call for strikes to force the government to implement their desired changes. In the recent past strikes and go-slows have become common methods which employees use them to pass their grievances to their employers. (Brewster, 1995) It is therefore prudent for management of any organization to adopt employee recognition strategies. This is another factor that the employers put into consideration for the organization to improve its employee relations; this is basically a communication instrument, which strengthens and compensates the most significant production that the employees have created for the organization. The recognition structure is always made simple, instant, and effectively supportive to the employees’ relations and the organization at large. (Chevrier, 2003) Reference: Brewster. C (1995): Towards a European Model of Human Resource Management- Journal of International Business. Vol 26 Pp 45-67 Chevrier, S. (2003): Cross-cultural management in multinational project groups Journal of World Business. Vol.38. Pp 77-89 Delaney. J and Huselid. M (1996):- The impact of human resource management practices on perceptions of performance in for-profit and non-profit organizations. Academy of Management Journal. Vol 39. Pp 34-56 Employee Relations Advisory Organization, (2004): Labor Relations Washington D.C, Article 2. Pp 5-29 Murray, A. (1989): Top management group heterogeneity and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal Vol. 10, Special issue. Pp 13-34 Selid, M. (1995):- The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance- Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38. Pp 54-76 Sparrow, P. and Hilltop, J. (1994): European Human Resource Management in Transition. Prentice Hall, New York. 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A Time When I Felt Extremely Proud of Myself Essay

It was a great time in my life while I was in school, feeling proud of myself. Because, that time I had an opportunity to developed many things like knowledge, relationship, emotional, mental and physical development. I always remember that great time, which I spent in my school life. It gives me a lot of happiness and also helpful to build up the beautiful memories. It still recall on my mind to memorize a successful achievement, great event and historical record which I obtained in my school life. In my school life I made lot of friends. I had a big group of friends as I believe in making friends in my life. For me, Friends are like your shoulder for you to cry on when you feel sad and weak and share your happiness when you feel happy. In my school life I had lot of fun with my friends. I can never forget the time when we had play together in the school yard and gone for shopping. We had lot of sharing regarding our dreams and ambitions. My life was very colorful and beautiful with them. School life was the best time in my life where I learnt so many things. I developed my hobbies and skills through my school activities. I learnt both social and academic knowledge while I was in school. I learnt how to work in groups and individually. I was an average student, until 5th grade. After hard study I climbed on big step and got first division with highest mark among all students. That was a great achievement for me and felt extremely proud of myself. After that I always stand in first rank in my class. In 8th grade and 10th grade, I got district top in board examination, which was other great achievement and historical record for me and for my school. I used to participate in several competition, and mostly, I always stand on 1st rank. So, that one is my great achievement too. These were the basics of my life and as I grew I learnt so many other things and have deeper thoughts about life. I consider my school time as the best time ,because my life was carefree during that time. No tensions in life and that time I developed my imaginations and dreams to chase. I had nothing to do with the whole world as I had already developed my world in my imaginations. School time was precious for me because it marked dramatic change in my life. I got not only physical growth but also mental growth as well. School life was totally different from university life and adult life. In university life I have to put those school memories behind and have to face the new environment. I feel now my life is with full of complexities as I need to work and study together to make my career which is tough for me as I don’t get enough time for myself but I have to do to make my future career. My life is not as free as it was in my school time. After I graduate from university I have to look for a job and earn money to raise my family. I feel like my adult time will be with full of complexities too. In conclusion, I want to say that my school life was the great time of my life where I felt extremely proud of myself. Because school life only happens one time in everybody life, so it is very precious. School life will teach you all kind of happiness, sadness and other emotions , so one should enjoy their school life fully.

A Timeline History of Mathematics

A Timeline History of Mathematics Mathematics is the science of numbers. To  be precise, the Merriam-Webster dictionary defines mathematics as: The science of numbers and their operations, interrelations, combinations, generalizations, abstractions and of space configurations and their structure, measurement, transformations  and generalizations. There  are several different branches of mathematical science, which include algebra, geometry and calculus. Mathematics is not an invention. Discoveries and laws of science are not considered inventions since inventions are material things and processes. However, there is a history of mathematics, a relationship between mathematics and inventions  and mathematical instruments themselves are considered inventions. According to  the book Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times, mathematics as an organized science did not exist until the classical Greek period from 600 to 300 B.C. There were, however, prior civilizations in which the beginnings or rudiments of mathematics were formed. For example, when civilization began to trade, a need to count was created. When humans traded goods, they needed a way to count the goods and to calculate the cost of those goods. The very first device for counting numbers was, of course, the human hand and fingers represented quantities. And to count beyond ten fingers, mankind used natural markers, rocks or shells. From that point, tools such as counting boards and the abacus were invented.   Heres a quick tally of important developments introduced throughout the ages, beginning from A to Z.   Abacus One of the first tools for counting invented, the abacus was invented around 1200 B.C. in China and was used in many ancient civilizations, including Persia and Egypt. Accounting The innovative Italians of the Renaissance (14th  through 16th century) are widely acknowledged to be the fathers of modern accounting. Algebra The first treatise on algebra was written by Diophantus of Alexandria in the 3rd century B.C. Algebra comes from the Arabic word al-jabr, an ancient medical term meaning the reunion of broken parts. Al-Khawarizmi is another early algebra scholar and was the first to teach the formal discipline. Archimedes Archimedes was a mathematician and inventor from ancient Greece  best known for his discovery of the relationship between the surface and volume of a sphere and its circumscribing cylinder for his formulation of a hydrostatic principle (Archimedes principle) and for inventing the Archimedes screw (a device for raising water). Differential Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) was a German philosopher, mathematician and logician who is probably most well known for having invented differential and integral calculus. He did this independently of Sir Isaac Newton. Graph A graph is a pictorial representation of statistical data or of a functional relationship between variables. William Playfair (1759-1823) is generally viewed as the inventor of most graphical forms used to display data, including line plots, the bar chart, and the pie chart. Math Symbol In 1557, the sign was first used by Robert Record. In 1631, came the    sign. Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism is a school of philosophy and a religious brotherhood believed to have been founded by Pythagoras of Samos, who settled in Croton in southern Italy about 525 B.C. The group had a profound effect on the development of mathematics. Protractor The simple protractor is an ancient device.  As an instrument used to construct and measure plane angles, the simple protractor looks like a semicircular disk marked with degrees, beginning with 0 º to 180 º. The first complex protractor was created for plotting the position of a boat on navigational charts. Called a three-arm protractor or station pointer, it was invented in 1801 by Joseph Huddart, a U.S. naval captain. The center  arm is fixed, while the outer two are rotatable and capable of being set at any angle relative to the center one. Slide Rulers Circular and rectangular slide rules, an instrument used for mathematical calculations, were both invented by mathematician William Oughtred. Zero Zero was invented by the Hindu mathematicians Aryabhata and Varamihara in India around or shortly after the year 520 A.D.