The Kanzius Machine A Cancer Cure - 973 Words

1. The Kanzius Machine: A Cancer Cure? CBSNews. CBS Interactive. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. This article talks about the Kanzius Machine this is actually an interview broadcast published by CBSNews. It was the worst kind of luck that gave Kanzius the idea to use radio waves to kill cancer cells: six years ago, he was diagnosed with terminal leukemia and since then has undergone 36 rounds of toxic chemotherapy. But it wasn t his own condition that motivated him, it was looking into the hollow eyes of sick children on the cancer ward at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston (Stahl). Kanzius thought he had found a way attack cancer cells without the collateral damage caused by chemotherapy and radiation. Today, his invention is in the laboratories of two major research centers - the University of Pittsburgh and M.D. Anderson, where Dr. Steven Curley, a liver cancer surgeon, is testing it (Stahl). This interview included information that I can use in my paper. It talks about the reason why Kanzius decide to invent this cure and it will help me to quote some of his words. In addition it includes some ideas that Kanzius had that I can suggest in the second part of my paper. The article was published in a reputable web page, The CBSNews and was found in the electronic database. 2. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst. The Kanzius Machine: A New Cancer Treatment Idea from an Unexpected Source. Web. 10 Nov. 2015 The article examines the radio-wave machine created by John Kanzius to treatShow MoreRelatedWhy Is Cancer Curing Quantum Energy1782 Words   |  8 PagesCancer Curing Quantum Energy Currently the world is fighting an ostensibly insurmountable disease. In 2012, this disease created 14 million new cases worldwide and was responsible for an estimated 8.2 million deaths (â€Å"Cancer Statistics†). While these statistics already demonstrate a wide-spread impact, the number of cases related to this disease is expected to increase to an alarming 22 million within the next two decades (â€Å"Cancer Statistics†). This disease is known to reside latently within our

Language Produced By Typical Developing Children - 1178 Words

The purpose of this study is to examine written language produced by typical developing children in Grades 2 through 4. The researchers examined two common academic discourse genres, narrative and expository by analyzing, microstructure and macrostructure of student writing samples. Overall, the researchers are examining the progression of linguistic elements and expository writing development in school-age children’s narratives. Speech language pathologists have a duty to analyze and assess clients who might have a writing disorder. This study applies to communication disorders because in order to know what abnormal is a therapist must study from typical language developing children. By creating baselines and normative data the therapist can then compare and contrast the client to his or her peers. This study will help both clinicians and educators understand the fundamentals of the developing writer and validate, reliable assessment methods. The study will examine micro structure and macrostructure in narrative and expository writing samples produced by elementary school students. This study extends from previous studies and will add onto the existing literature. The study looks at the development and relations among typical writers while looking at microstructure and macrostructure of a child’s writing separately in two different discourses. A total of 93 students initially recruited but by the end of the study only 89 completed the study. The four students leftShow MoreRelatedLanguage And Communication Impairments Are Primary Features Of Autism Spectrum Disorders ( Asd )1177 Words   |  5 Pages Language and communication impairments are primary features of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and are the some of the earliest emerging behavioral markers of ASD. â€Å"Research with typically developing populations highlights the importance of both infants and maternal gesture use in infants’ early language development† (Ta lbott and Flusberg, 2015, p.1). Investigations of infant siblings of children with autism, who are at increased genetic risk, have shown delays in language and gesture productionRead MoreADHD936 Words   |  4 Pages but may do so in other environments. Aphasic clients tended to be more coherent when discussing positive emotions (Borod et al., 2000). Research found that individuals with ADHD appear to have impairment in coherence tasks. In a sample of 49 children with ADHD and a control group, the ADHD group had significantly more impairment in regards to creating a causal structure and goal plan narrative (Flory et al., 2006). Other studies have found similar deficits in verbal comprehension abilities forRead MoreSibling Intervention Final Essay1643 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopmental context for socioemotional development. First Friends Interactions between brothers and sisters provide children with their first socialization experiences. Young children spend large proportions of their days with siblings as their play partners and models. Children have opportunities to experience companionship, sharing, and even rivalry. Siblings typically model a wide variety of behaviors, and serve as guides to the worldRead MoreLanguage Delays And Autism Spectrum Disorder1632 Words   |  7 Pages Language Delays in Autism Spectrum Disorder Bethany Perez Colorado State University Autism spectrum disorder is caused by abnormalities in the brain. Many children that qualify under the autism spectrum disorder, often experience developmental delays in three areas of development. Socially/emotionally, as well as cognitively, children with ASD are unable to progress at a normal rate of development compared to their peers. The level of communication due to language delays can be severelyRead MoreThe Theory Of Intervention Theory Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesthe two theories with the purpose of obtaining the most current information regarding language difficulties, social communication difficulties, and the outcomes it provides when working with school-age children. The theories identified during this research were Biological Maturation and Social Interactionism. The clinician will further indicate the relationship between neuronal function in the process of language and the theory selected. Biological Maturation The clinician will base Kathy’s interventionRead MoreChildhood Apraxia Of Speech : A Motor Speech Disorder1715 Words   |  7 Pagesthe correct movements for speech due to signaling problems between the brain and the muscles used for speech production. This signaling problem causes the child to have difficulty learning accurate speech movements. Speech movements that a normal developing child learns with ease are difficult for a child with apraxia of speech. The cause of childhood apraxia of speech is unknown. However, individuals believe some possible causes include genetic disorders, neurological impairment due to stroke orRead MoreQuestions On The Human Ear1598 Words   |  7 PagesDue to the developing immunes system hearing loss is more frequent in young children and babies. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics hearing loss is the most common congenital condition in the United States. â€Å"Each year, an estimated three in 1000 infants are born in the US with moderate, severe, or profound hearing loss† (Pediatrics). Recently, three infants per one thousand are born with some level of hearing loss (NCSL). For this reason, many states require all children to be screenedRead MoreSpeech Disorders in Children1709 Words   |  7 PagesSpeech disorders in young children are early indicators that give reason to students having difficulty in aspects of cognition. Speech is not only a motor skill, but also a cognitive sk ill in the form that speech is language that comes from within the brain. â€Å"Speech problems and reading disorders are linked, suggesting that speech problems may potentially be an early marker of later difficulty in associating graphemes with phonemes.† (Foy Mann 2011) The brocoas area of the brain is where speechRead MoreHow Does A Child Acquire Language?1871 Words   |  8 PagesSo how does a child acquire language? If it were just a question of listening and imitating people around them they wouldn t come out with words like ‘runned’ and ‘knowed’. Studies of language acquisition have shown that children take an active part in the process, constructing and refining grammatical rules for themselves as they mature. No one teaches them these rules; in fact, the majority of parents/carers are not aware of the rules themselves and would be hard pressed to explain them. YetRead MoreLanguage Sample Analysis Child s Name1829 Words   |  8 PagesRebecca Mirakova Language Sample Analysis Child’s Name: N (female) Child’s Date of Birth: June 12, 2009 Child’s Date of Evaluation: 09/12/2014 Child’s Chronological Age/Sex: 63 months Child’s Primary Language: Russian Language of Evaluation: English Name of Student Evaluator: Rebecca Mirakova PERTINENT BACKGROUND INFORMATION N is my neighbor, who is 63 months old. She has two older siblings, Rachel and David. N s parents are from Russia, so she has been exposed to both the Russian and the English

Romulus And Remus Essay Example For Students

Romulus And Remus Essay Romulus and RemusWith the beginning of any civilization there are stories that are carried throughtime about the creation of their nation. Rome was no different than any other. Theycarried their tail of how brothers quarreled over who was to receive the glory of theirtriumph. The United States also has followed this tradition as well with stories of ourmost famous founder of the United States, George Washington. Rome’s history began when two brothers founded the nation in the city of Rome. However the brothers were unable to decide which one was to receive the honor of havingthe kingdom bear his name. Romulus and Remus tried to decide, but eventually thediscussions broke down and the two brothers fought. Romulus was the victor and endedup killing his brother and consequently naming the kingdom after himself, Rome came intoexistence for the first time. This story gave the people of Rome a history, and instilled asense of strength in the nation through its patron founder. By slaining his brotherRomulus proved to his people that his nation would flourish in the future no matter whatthe cost, even if it meant taking the life of ones very own flesh and blood in battle. The United States also had a golden boy to begin their nation. GeorgeWashington carried along with him many legends, two of the most famous ones wereabout a cherry tree and a silver dollar. The first, begins when Washington was just ayoung lad. He chopped down a cherry tree, and when his father found the tree fallen tothe ground, Washington admitted to his father, â€Å"I cannot tell a lie, I chopped down thecherry tree.† By doing this it brought a sense of honesty to an office which carried somuch power that could be abused. The second story told of Washington heroically hurlinga silver dollar across the Potomac River. This story puts a sense of immortality on GeorgeWashington, though they may or may not have happened these events provide as a boostin public spirit towards their country and themselves. Both of these stories served one main purpose, it was to set the founders of theirrespective countries in an immortal place in society. These stories gave the people of thesomething to strive for, something to instill in their children’s minds as bedtime stories. Though these stories differ in content, they serve to give the people the impression thattheir leaders have the powers and virtues that are important to that time period. TheRomulus and Remus story reflects that this time period thought highly of the survival ofthe fittest system, and everyone wanted to be the fittest. The Washington stories focus onstrength and honesty, these virtues are what people wanted in their leaders possess in theirpersonalities. Stories have been one aspect of life that has remained the same ever sincethe days of the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians. People naturally love to tie theirlives in with stories of great heroes, these stories provide a sense of hope to everyone whohears them. European History

Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Essay Example Essay Example

Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Essay Example Paper Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Essay Introduction Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Lecturer: Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Essay Body Paragraphs Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Introduction Due to current advances in technology and research, the subject of genomics and its knowledge is profound. However, the subject is still new and there has not been much legislation of the necessary law regarding the access and use of such information. Genetics is the study of the gene factor, which is believed to be the answer in understanding an organism’s psychosocial behavior. It is believed that all the characteristics of a given person: his height, figure, behavioral patterns and many others are all embedded in the genetic strand (Redhead, 2003). The ethical Problem The subject of new genetics poses a number of societal concerns that relate to the privacy and confidentiality of a person’s genetic information. The subject evokes the question on the person with the responsibility of taking care and accessing the genetic information. The use and abuse of genetic information by the various stakeholders is als o an issue that is faced in handling a person’s genetic information. The major stakeholders The major stakeholders in this sector are the insurers, employers, courts, schools, adoption agencies, and the military. The position of the stakeholders In the court system, the relevance and application of medical information in court cases is still a major issue. The court system utilizes the genetic information in crime scenes to make final judgments on a given case. Currently, the trial judge is the person mandated with the responsibility of making the decision on the use of scientific testimony in a court case. He or she will decide on the relevance of the scientific testimony that is, whether it is to be used in the court proceedings or not. The research on genetics is still young and the court system is still grappling whether it is a reliable source for making final rulings in court cases. The political system is also a major stakeholder in the issue of genetics. One case that the political system is interested in is the human genome project. Since the project is funded mostly by the government, the high cost incurred in running the entire project is of major concern for the government. On completion of the project, the access to the information is bound to of immense commercial value. There is concern on whether the information pertained in the genome project could be used for beneficial purposes or abused. Britain and the United States of America have shown immense interest in the project that it is believed that the two governments will be in control of the access and use of the information in the human genome project (DeSalle, Yudell American Museum of Natural History, 2005). The insurance companies are major stakeholders in the issue of genomics. The insurance companies are concerned with their client’s genetic history so that by having such information, they can anticipate and make proper financial models regarding the person’s accou nts. The companies are able to use the information pertained in a person’s past to model the possible risk factors in insuring the individual. They could use the information to model their products and premiums to accommodate the client’s needs. This goes a long way to ensure that their products and premiums are relevant and reliable. The insurance companies perceive the presence of genetic information as a reliable source of information of the general heath dynamics of a given population. This information could be used to predict possible health problems and therefore structure insurance premiums to insure against such. The employers are interested in the genetic information of their potential employees to make conclusive decisions on their employment. The employers are concerned with their employee’s history and genetic profile to alleviate future claims in medical covers. Persons who exhibit a genetic predisposition are less likely to be considered for employ ment by a company because the company deems the individual as a liability. This is because such individuals pose a potential health risk to the company in terms of medical expenses and insurance premium payments. There is also the fear of the possibility that such employees could provide the company with very few work hours while spending most on sick leaves and offs. This is why employers would like to have access to the genetic information so that they can be able to evade the risks involved in employing such individuals. The ethical conflict among stakeholders Currently, the insurance companies are restricted from demanding or requesting their potential clients or employees to take genetic tests for their genetic information (DeSalle, Yudell American Museum of Natural History, 2005). The authorities have outlawed this activity because they have realized that the information submitted is only used for the company’s interests and not those of the individual. Furthermore, th e genetic information only gives future possibilities and is not the actual current health condition of the person. For instance, an individual with a family history of epilepsy only gives the possibility of the person suffering of epilepsy in the future but not necessarily, a must he does. The restriction of employers and insurance companies from requesting their employees and clients from taking genetic tests has many loopholes. This is because the employer could still obtain their genetic information (Wilson, 2010). This is because the medical records are still currently accessible to many. In many job vacancies, the potential employees are required to undergo certain medical tests to establish the individual’s state of health. This medical evaluation could include the individual submitting all the medical records and information that the person currently has. Failure by the individual to submit the relevant information results in the termination of his employment process. This leads to many having to provide the necessary medical information requested. An individual’s genetic information ought to be classified as private and confidential. Such information ought to be accessible to only the individual and his or her medical practitioner. Other external parties ought to be locked out from accessing such information. The individual’s genetic information ought only to be used for the general benefit of the individual. The genetic information of a person could result in certain persons being ostracized in the society. There are certain medical conditions that are known to be hereditary. If the information of a person suffering from one is made public, the society could end up shunning the individual because it would seem as a weakness to him (Pokorski, 1994). Managing the ethical conflict The most possible way of alleviating this ethical conflict is by restricting the access of the genetic information of an individual to the person and his or her medical practitioner. Other parties that may want to gain access to such information ought to give substantial explanation as to why they require the information. If the individual feels that he or she is comfortable with it and that his interests are secure, then the information could be availed to the concerned third parties (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2002). Resolution to the ethical conflict The human genome project and other similar ventures are necessary for the benefit of man. The research on the use of the information should of course be subject to regulations or guidelines that limit the access and use of such information for the benefit of man. Such information ought to be used to remedy disease or help in further research but not for commercial gains or alleviating risks. Response to the criticism Research into human genetics is inevitable. The society should encourage and support because the results are of immeasurable benefits to the human race. Th e use of genetic information could be used to enhance the performance and remedy diseases. There are cases where individuals have used genetic enhancements to make their bodies perform at optimum levels. This shows that research into genetics has immeasurable benefits to the human race (Caplan, 1994). Conclusion The human genome project is a very crucial and important research venture. The findings will enable the human race to demystify the issues regarding the use of medical technology to cure maladies and its use to enhance human appearance and performance. The genetic information provided gives allows medical personnel to have a definitive knowledge on the necessary traits that are to be altered to attain the required results (Campbell, Heyer, 2003) . References Campbell, A. M. Heyer, L. J. (2003). Discovering genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. Caplan, A. L. (1994). Handle with care: Race, class, and genetics. In T. F. Murphy, M. A. La ppe (Eds.), Justice and the human genome project (pp. 30-45). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. DeSalle, R., Yudell, M., American Museum of Natural History. (2005). Welcome to the genome: A user’s guide to the genetic past, present, and future. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss. National Human Genome Research Institute. (2002). ELSI Research Program [Online]. Retrieved from http://www.genome.gov. Pokorski, R. J. (1994). Use of genetic information by private insurers. In T. F. Murphy, M. A. Lappe (Eds.), Justice and the human genome project (pp. 91-109). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Redhead, C. S. (2003). Medical records privacy: Questions and answers on the HIPAA final rule. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. Washington, DC: The Library of Congress. Wilson, L. E. (2010). Ethical, Legal and Social Issues of Genomic Research: Striking a Balance between Science and Law. The CBS Interactive Business Network. Retrieved from http://findarticles .com/p/articles/mi_m1TOS/is_1-2_7/ai_n25102504/ We will write a custom essay sample on Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Societal Concerns Arising from the New Genetics Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Recognize the Principles of the Judiciary

Recognize the Principles of the Judiciary Although the principles of judiciary demand the judicial process to follow due legal processes to the letter, legal crises do occur in some instances. Legal conflict arises when inconsistencies emerge between the constitution and the general laws.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Recognize the Principles of the Judiciary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A classical example is the Marbury v. Madison case of the United States in which a legal conflict arose due to the inconsistency of the United States constitution with the Judiciary Act. According to this case, â€Å"William Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to compel James Madison, Secretary of State to effect his appointment as a commissioner of Justice for Peace in Columbia District but John Marshall, Chief Justice denied the petition as he termed it unconstitutional† (Reisman, 2007, p. 3). This became a landmark ruling since the Supreme Court, for the fir st time in the United States history, declared an Act to be unconstitutional. In this ruling, John Marshal realized that there was legal conflict between the constitution and the Judicial Act, and the only way to conduct constitutional review was through the Supreme Court. The Marbury v. Madison ruling coupled with some clauses in Article III authorizes the Supreme Court to carry out judicial review. The Article III of the United States constitution states that, In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction†¦in all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction (Stone, 2007, p. 35). Therefore, the United States constitution gives the powers to the Supreme Court to exercise judicial review in cases where legal conflict arises.   The prime function of the Supreme Court in judicial review is to protect the constitution and ensure that all statutes are consistent with the constitution. The constitutions of England and Netherland do not give powers to their Supreme Courts to exercise judicial review on the constitutionality of statues and treaties, because legislators have the mandate of ensuring that they only pass constitutional acts. In cases of constitutional dispute concerning â€Å"†¦the right interpretation of a law or a treaty in accordance with the constitution †¦ the judge cannot have supremacy over the legislator, because the question of constitutionality of an act is more political than technical-judicial (Huq, 2008, p. 32). Halsema proposal seeks to have the Supreme Court assume the jurisdiction to check constitutionality of statutes and treaties. The approval of the Halsema proposal means that the parliament and the government will have to share their mandate of constitutional review with the judiciary, hence judicial review.Advertising Looking for essay on political sc iences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most Americans accept judicial review even though it is not explicit in the constitution because it has provided means of checking constitutionality of statutes. Statistics shows that, in the two hundred years of judicial review 175 federal laws and 1006 state laws were declared unconstitutional (1789-2004) (Whittington, 2009, p. 12). This means that if there was no judicial review, the courts could still be grappling with over 1000 legal conflicts, which slows down the wheels of justice. The landmark ruling of the Marbury v. Madison case set precedent on ways of solving legal conflicts that emerge quite often due to the inconsistencies of the statutes with the constitution. Despite the fact that judicial review has helped to speed up the due process of the law, Thomas Jefferson criticized it saying that, to consider judges as the ultimate arbiters of all constitutional questions is a very dangerous doctrine indeed, and one which would place us under the despotism of an oligarchy (Reisman, 2007, p. 8). Jefferson argues that judges are common people with same passions and interests that might lead them to make compromised judicial reviews to attain their desired ends. I agree with Jefferson argument that it is quite dangerous to give constitutional review powers to the judiciary since too much power corrupts ultimately. To counter the dangers associated with excessive judicial review powers, the parliament should provide provisions that limit the autonomy of the judicial review process. References Huq, A. (2008). Constitutional Courts and Judicial Review. Center on International Cooperation, 4(12), 31-34. Reisman, D. (2007). The Supreme Court. New York Life Journal, 15(32), 1-12. Stone, G. (2005). Constitutional Law. New York: Aspen Publishers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Recognize the Principles of the Judiciary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whittington, K. (2009). The Theories of Judicial Review. Spring Journal, 20(1), 1-18.

When Content Mills Give You Lemons, Make Lemonade That Pays

When Content Mills Give You Lemons, Make Lemonade That Pays A few years ago, I found myself in a bind. I graduated with my MPS in Publishing and had big plans of earning a full-time income from some sort of writing and publishing. As a single mother who has worked from home for over a decade, returning to the traditional workforce was not an option. I had no It wasn’t long before my search for a writing opportunity led me to  Crowd Content. As far as content mills go, it seemed to be midlevel. I created a writer profile, took a skill level test and started claiming jobs. The general rules are that a writer may accept four jobs at a time, the deadlines are ridiculously tight and inflexible, and gaining â€Å"favorite† status from clients is important. If a deadline is missed or a client complains, the writer is demoted. I quickly accepted jobs of all kinds. I wrote product descriptions for online vape stores, press releases for Las Vegas lingerie parties, and fin tech and legal blog posts. I wrote until 1AM and woke up at 5AM to write some more. Meeting the insane deadlines was an act of futility. But, my skill level was â€Å"4 Star† and I was earning 6 to 7 cents per word, so it added up. After a couple of months, I was consistently making $1800/month. Not a full-time salary, but a start. It didn’t take me long to figure out that even if I worked for eight full hours each day, I would never make more than $3,000/month and that fell remarkably short of my goal. I would have to work smarter, not harder. So, here is what I did: 1. Identify the Big Fish A few of my content mill clients stood out and with a bit of research, I had a list of seven clients that I would love to work for outside of the content mill. 2. Focus on Relationships Content mills desperately try to limit contact between writers and clients to preserve their profitable workflow. I worked within their system to build strong relationships based on reliability and high quality work with my seven clients. These clients expressed frustration with the rigidity of the platform and so we had that in common. 3. Pitch With some research, I contacted my list of seven through either email or social media. (If the content mill knows that you are usurping their platform, they will ban you, so make sure that you are prepared.) My pitch looked something like this: â€Å"I have been writing for your company for a few months. I plan to leave Crowd Content because of the inflexibility of their platform, but would like to continue writing for your company. I am guessing that you pay 12 to 15 cents per word for my blog posts. If you are interested in hiring me outside of Crowd Content, pricing will only be 10 cents per word for future blog posts.† Five of the seven clients replied and hired me outside of Crowd Content. They are now paying less, and I am making more in fewer hours. I complete complex projects that were not supported

Digital signatures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Digital signatures - Essay Example Moreover, the cases of e-commerce crimes are rising day by day. In this scenario, it becomes necessary for the organizations to take some effective steps to uphold the security of their e-commerce activities. Thus, digital signature is a suitable technique for saving customers from identity theft and various others frauds. This report presents a detailed analysis of digital signature. The aim of this research is to analyze the role of digital signature in forming e-commerce security. Business sector is by no means an exemption to internet mania. Since, with the passage of time, the online business is turning out to be an exhortation. The online business means that people can purchase and pay from home and even while sitting in their bedroom through an internet equipped PC or laptop. The global wave of information technologies (ITs) development and implementation has turned out to be a driving force in approximately every part of human job. In this scenario, the internet that is a main element of this global wave has been transformed into a double-edged weapon providing a lot of opportunities, facilities, tools, and capabilities to individuals and corporations, on the other hand as well bringing with it a considerably increased information security and privacy risks (Salifu, 2008). As the electronic methods of business expands rapidly throughout the world, security and integrity concerns turn out to be sensitive. Moreover, at the present, the customer satisfactio n and trust in internet transactions and the security measures implemented by online businesses are considered to be insignificant and perhaps the main limit in the acceptance of internet business practices (Dandapani, 2008). Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to conducting both internal and external business activities over the internet, intranets, and extranets. In addition, e-commerce consists